Grammar
How to Use an Apostrophe + Examples
In grammar, an apostrophe is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession and to replace omitted letters, words, or numbers in contractions.
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An apostrophe is a commonly used punctuation mark with a few specific jobs. In appearance, it looks like a single quotation mark (‘).
An apostrophe is used mainly to indicate possession and to create contractions.
In this refresher, we’ll cover when to use apostrophes in your writing and when not to.
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The apostrophe is most often used to indicate possession. In grammar, possession refers to the relationship between two things. The relationship is often one of ownership. However, it can also be one of very close association or belonging.
Examples of possession in grammar:
In the first example above, instead of the toothbrush belonging to just anyone and everyone, we know it is ‘his’ toothbrush. His is the possessive here.
Tip: An apostrophe is never used on any of the possessive pronouns (my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, our, ours, their, theirs).
An apostrophe is needed to form the possessive of nouns (singular, plural, proper, and compound). For instance, if the toothbrush above belongs to Frank, it is Frank’s toothbrush.
Below, we’ll cover examples of how that works and other instances where an apostrophe is used to create possessives.
To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s.
Examples of the singular possessive with an apostrophe:
An apostrophe is used without an s if the plural noun ends in s.
Examples:
When a plural noun does not end in s, add the apostrophe and an s.
Examples:
Proper nouns — nouns that name a specific person, place, or thing — can also be made possessive with the use of apostrophes.
According to most style guides (see our note on style guides in the next section), apply the basic rules of forming a possessive: add an apostrophe and an s for a singular noun, or add just an apostrophe for a plural noun.
Examples with singular proper nouns (apostrophe + s)
Examples with plural proper nouns (apostrophe only):
Depending on the editorial style followed by your organization, singular nouns ending in an s may be treated a little differently when becoming possessive.
For instance, The Chicago Manual of Style, American Psychological Association (APA), and Associated Press (AP) Stylebook all have instructions on how to treat nouns ending in s. Sometimes they align. However, there can be exceptions or preferences across the guides that differ.
Let’s take a look at an example:
In this case, AP Style recommends only using an apostrophe because Dickens is a singular proper name with ‘s’ as the last letter. However, both the Chicago Manual of Style and APA prefer if an apostrophe and s are added.
If you are ever in doubt about how to turn a noun ending in s into a possessive, consult your organization’s style guide.
A contraction is a word that is created when you shorten and merge two words into one. A contraction can also be an abbreviated number.
In contractions, an apostrophe takes the place of the omitted words, letters, or numbers.
Examples:
If your font uses a curly apostrophe (the one that looks like an upside-down comma), rather than a straight apostrophe, the curve and opening must point to the left (’) to indicate digits are missing.
Examples:
The plural of a family name does not get an apostrophe and an s, except when indicating possession:
Examples:
Remember a case like whether Thompsons’s or Smiths’ has an apostrophe and s, or just an apostrophe, could vary depending on your style guide (we’ve included examples of both above).
Common phrases or terms may be exceptions like:
Both of these examples use an apostrophe. They’re not technically possessives but are called quasi-possessives in grammar.
If two nouns share possession of something, it’s called a shared possessive, and the apostrophe only goes on the last noun.
For example, if Jim and Judy have kids together, the possessive is:
However, if two nouns possess things independently, each noun gets an apostrophe in the possessive.
For example, if Jim has two kids and Judy has two kids the proper grammar is:
Example: dot your i’s and cross your t’s. This varies according to style.
While the main jobs of apostrophes are somewhat clear, as with all grammar, there are exceptions and minutia that you may need to look up in your organization’s preferred dictionary or style guide when you run into them.
For best practice check your grammar with the Originality.ai AI Grammar Checker to catch any punctuation, grammar, or spelling mistakes.
Get more insight into grammar rules with our top guides:
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Tools for conducting a plagiarism check between two documents online are important as it helps to ensure the originality and authenticity of written work. Plagiarism undermines the value of professional and educational institutions, as well as the integrity of the authors who write articles. By checking for plagiarism, you can ensure the work that you produce is original or properly attributed to the original author. This helps prevent the distribution of copied and misrepresented information.
Text comparison is the process of taking two or more pieces of text and comparing them to see if there are any similarities, differences and/or plagiarism. The objective of a text comparison is to see if one of the texts has been copied or paraphrased from another text. This text compare tool for plagiarism check between two documents has been built to help you streamline that process by finding the discrepancies with ease.
Text comparison tools work by analyzing and comparing the contents of two or more text documents to find similarities and differences between them. This is typically done by breaking the texts down into smaller units such as sentences or phrases, and then calculating a similarity score based on the number of identical or nearly identical units. The comparison may be based on the exact wording of the text, or it may take into account synonyms and other variations in language. The results of the comparison are usually presented in the form of a report or visual representation, highlighting the similarities and differences between the texts.
String comparison is a fundamental operation in text comparison tools that involves comparing two sequences of characters to determine if they are identical or not. This comparison can be done at the character level or at a higher level, such as the word or sentence level.
The most basic form of string comparison is the equality test, where the two strings are compared character by character and a Boolean result indicating whether they are equal or not is returned. More sophisticated string comparison algorithms use heuristics and statistical models to determine the similarity between two strings, even if they are not exactly the same. These algorithms often use techniques such as edit distance, which measures the minimum number of operations (such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions) required to transform one string into another.
Another common technique for string comparison is n-gram analysis, where the strings are divided into overlapping sequences of characters (n-grams) and the frequency of each n-gram is compared between the two strings. This allows for a more nuanced comparison that takes into account partial similarities, rather than just exact matches.
String comparison is a crucial component of text comparison tools, as it forms the basis for determining the similarities and differences between texts. The results of the string comparison can then be used to generate a report or visual representation of the similarities and differences between the texts.
Syntax highlighting is a feature of text editors and integrated development environments (IDEs) that helps to visually distinguish different elements of a code or markup language. It does this by coloring different elements of the code, such as keywords, variables, functions, and operators, based on a predefined set of rules.
The purpose of syntax highlighting is to make the code easier to read and understand, by drawing attention to the different elements and their structure. For example, keywords may be colored in a different hue to emphasize their importance, while comments or strings may be colored differently to distinguish them from the code itself. This helps to make the code more readable, reducing the cognitive load of the reader and making it easier to identify potential syntax errors.
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